Radiographic Evaluation of Soft Palate Morphology

Radiographic Evaluation of Soft Palate Morphology Title: Radiographic evaluation of soft palate morphology and correlation with gender on lateral cephalograms Introduction: The soft palate is the posterior fibro muscular part of the palate that is attached to the posterior edge of the hard palate.1 It participates in most of the oral functions, especially in velopharyngeal closure which is related to the normal functions of sucking, swallowing and pronunciation.2 The palate is formed by the fusion of three components; the two palatal processes and the frontonasal process. At a later stage, the mesoderm in the palate undergoes intramembraneous ossification to form the hard palate. However, the ossification does not extend into the most posterior portion which remains as the soft palate. Early references concerning the objective measurements of the soft palate have been done by investigators for assessment of speech, function and the upper airway structures.3-11 Although these continued efforts toward the dimensional analysis of the soft palate and its surrounding structures have been made, little attention has been paid to the variety of soft palate morp hology and configuration. Image of the soft palate on lateral cephalometry appears to have various morphologies in normal individuals, in contrast to the only one kind published in the literature. Pepin et al found the ‘‘hooked’’ appearance of the soft palate in patients who were awake, which indicated a high risk for the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome.12 The purpose of the present study is to investigate the variation of the soft palate morphology and the proportional differences of the soft palate between the two gender groups. This study can be helpful for understanding the various morphologies of the soft palate in the median sagittal plane on lateral cephalograms. These findings may be used not only as references for the normal soft palate, but also for cleft reconstruction and the etiological research of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and other conditions. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal. Instructional ethical committee approval was obtained for the study. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of individuals subjected to radiographic examination for orthodontic purpose were retrieved for the study from the archives of departments of Oral Medicine and Radiology and Orthodontics. A total of 100 digital lateral cephalograms of normal healthy individuals (50 males and 50 females) who were aged 15-45 years were retrieved from November 2014 to February 2015. All the subjects who had normal speech and function were included in this study. Radiographs of good quality and visibility of soft palate were included. Patients with facial or palatal deformities or facial trauma were excluded. Poor quality radiographs and radiographs with incomplete details were also excluded. All lateral cephalograms were taken using orthopantomograph (Planmeca) with a tube potential adjusted to optimize the contrast. All the images on the radiographs were observed and classified into 6 types by 2 radiologists independently according to You M et al., (2008).1 The six types of morphology of the soft palate are as follows: Type 1: ‘‘leaf shape’’, which was lanceolate, indicated that the middle portion of the soft palate elevated to both the naso and the oro-side Type 2: when the soft palate showed that the anterior portion was inflated and the free margin had an obvious coarctation, the radiographic appearance was described as having a ‘‘rat-tail shape’’ Type 3: a ‘‘butt-like’’ soft palate showed a shorter and fatter velum appearance, and the width had almost no distinct difference from the anterior portion to the free margin Type 4 indicated that the image of the soft palate presented a ‘‘straight line shape’ Type 5: the distorted soft palate, presented the S-shape Type 6 revealed a ‘‘crook’’ appearance of the soft palate, in which the posterior portion of the soft palate crooks anteriosuperiorly The pattern of the soft palate on the digital lateral cephalograms was highlighted with curve tool in Microsoft power point. The assessment of the soft palate morphology was carried out twice by two radiologists. Since there were no differences in classification between the two radiologists, reliability was considered to be acceptable. All the analysis was done using SPSS version 18. A p-value of Results: A total 100 radiographs were studied for shapes of soft palate out of which 50 were males. The age of the subjects was 20.91Â ±3.63 with age range of 18 – 45 years. Type 1 was most commonest shape of the soft palate (30%) followed by Type 6 (19%), Type 2 and 3 (17% and 17%), type 4 (11%) with least being type 5 (6%) (Figure 1). A total of 50 male and 50 female radiographs were used for our study. Among males, Type 1 was the commonest (38%) followed by type 6 (22%), Type 2 and 3 (14 and 14) with least being type 4 and 5 (6 and 6%) respectively. In females, Type 1 (22%) was the commonest followed by type 2 and 3 (20 and 20%), type 4 (16%), type 6 (16%) with least being type 5 (6%). However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of shape of soft palate between males and females (p=0.312) (Table 1). Table 1: Comparison of shape of soft palate between males and females Chi-square test Discussion: Cephalometric analysis is one of the most commonly accepted techniques for evaluating the soft palate in both normal individuals and those with cleft palate. Cephalometry is a relatively inexpensive method and permits a good assessment of the soft tissue elements that define the soft palate morphology and its surrounding structures.1,8 Much of the former research that studied the soft palate and its surrounding structures was aimed at providing some information on diagnosis, prediction and treatment in individuals with cleft palate. The soft palate plays a large role in velopharyngeal closure, which refers to the normal apposition of the soft palate with the posterior and lateral pharyngeal walls. It is primarily a sphincteric mechanism consisting of velar and pharyngeal components. The movement separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity during deglutition and speech. When the velum and lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls fail to separate the two cavities, velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) occurs.1 In our study, the leaf-shaped soft palate was the most frequent type, which is an expected finding since this type was previously described as a classic velar morphology in the literature. This was in accordance with the previous studies reported in the literature.1,13-15 However, Type -2 (Rat tail shaped) was reported to be commonest by Praveen et al., 2011.16 While the S-shape was seen in only few cases, it can be supposed that the number of subjects in the investigation was not large enough. The S-shape, which was described as a hooked appearance of the soft palate by Pepin et al.,17 was found in 5.8% subjects in our study. They hypothesized that soft palate-hooking plays a key role in pharyngeal collapse, since hooking results in a sudden and major reduction in the oropharyngeal dimensions, which therefore dramatically increases upper airway resistance and the transpharyngeal pressure gradient. Pepin et al., therefore concluded that hooking of the soft palate in awake patients in dicates a high risk for OSAS.17 In our study, the difference between gender didn’t exist in the comparison of the proportion of the various morphology of soft palate. This was similar to that reported by Praveen et al., 201116 while previous study by You et al.1 reported gender differences, wherein type 2 and 3 were significantly less in females than males. Type 1 was the most comments type among males and females in our study which was followed by type 2 and 3. This was similar to the study reported by Kruthika S et al., 2012.15 This classification can help us better understand the diversity of the velar morphology in the median sagittal plane. These findings can be used as references for the research of velopharyngeal closure in cleft palate individuals and for aetiological research of OSAS and other conditions.

History of the Internet Essay

Importance of internet Journal #6 Internet had a large impact in my life when I was a teenage and still plays an important role in my daily life. At that time, I was more interested in playing games and exploring every topic that would come to my mind through the internet. I thought of the internet and the computer only as something for fun but this still helped me get used to working and understanding computer and internet. As I grew older; however, I realized the importance of the internet because of the information I could access and the easy contact I could have with my friends and family. Communication with my family and friends is the most important aspect of internet on my daily life. Without Facebook, Skype, and other programs I would not be able to regularly speak to my loved ones throughout the world which would have a huge impact on my daily life. Not only are these programs easy to use but also they are free which doubles the benefits of internet. Since I have moved to Texas I have also been able to use these programs to find new friends I may have not been able to find if it was not for the internet. Furthermore, the information and help I can get on the internet has allowed me become a better student. Often when I may have difficulty with an assignment I use the internet to help guide me into a right direction by using proper educational web sources that can provide me with valuable information. A negative side to the impact of the internet on my daily life is that it is easy sometimes to get distracted and waste time. Either way, the internet plays an important role in my daily life for without it I would not be able to speak to my family and not be able to access the vast amount of information that is provided through the internet.

What Outline Essay Is - and What it Is Not

What Outline Essay Is - and What it Is Not The introduction must allow the reader to receive hooked to your topic. You also ought to make sure that you have written the ideal number of words for your essay. Basically, the pieces of an essay proved just 3 divisions. To learn to compose a character analysis essay you should note a single thing. It's possible to read about how to develop into a talented and productive essay writer here. Finding out how to write an analytical essay on a poem is a little different from studying the methods to analyze different kinds of literature. With essay outline, essays will avoid writer to get off topic or jumping from 1 argument to a different argument that doesn't relate with what it is that you are discussing. Before starting an essay, it is necessary to understand what you're writing for. 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Nowadays you've learned hot to compose an excellent literary analysis essay but if you need assistance with it, you always have the option to ask professional writers about it. A literary analysis essay is a sort of essay which comprises an argumentative analysis of a bit of literature. The Demise of Outline Essay When you're assigned with a literary analysis, your primary goal is to examine and study a specific parcel of literature to comprehend what main points it intends to render. The different parts of the notion of art does far more. Secondly, you might have freedom to select any topic you enjoy. If after following the steps and taking note of the advice and tricks, you find it difficult to compose a crucial analysis, don't be afraid to ask assistance from EssayPro. If you would like to learn to ensure it is good, follow our tips. When you are conversant wit h the most typical mistakes, it's an ideal time to be aware the tips, which can help you to be successful. 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It's interesting that lots of students write introduction after they've written the whole paper. The One Thing to Do for Outline Essay Once more, your topic has to be something you want to know more about, intrigued by, or feel the demand for a discussion. If you should analyze a poem, you would need to manage the different kinds of images in that poem or the connection between the shape and the content. The poem starts with a description of an ambulance hurrying to the place of a horrible vehicle crash to stop the look of victims.

Converting Gallons, Quarts, Pints and Cups